This book describes and illustrates 31 of the most common types of defects in metal castings, then cites causes and cures. Defects examined include dross segregations; cuts or washes; inclusions; erosion scabs; expansion defects; gas defects; hard spots, chilled spots; hot tears; mass hardness; metal penetration; misruns and cold shuts; runouts and bleeders; to name a few. Analysis of Casting Defects by American Foundry Society Front Cover back cover Bibliographic information Publisher :                   American Foundry Society Cover :                        Softcover, 8.5 x 11 Number of pages :      140 pages ISBN :                         978-0-87433-004-5 Contents of E-Book : Chapter Page 1 Introduction -1 Broken or Cracked Castings -3 Carbon Flotation Kish and Other Gross Segregations -6 Crushes PushUps and ClampOffs -9 Cuts or Washes -13 Dirt Slag and Other Inclusions- 16 7Drops- 23 Erosion Scab -28 Expansion Defects-  32 10Fusion-  38

Everybody knows about 3d printer and of-course it becomes handy tool for innovators ,Students ,Engineers and for designers. 3d printer can build any object in three dimensions , by just slicing it in to possible no. of 2D layers.That is why 3d printing is called additive manufacturing process ,because in this process we are adding material rather than cutting or shaping. imagine if your printer has ability to print the 3D object as well as assemble it self! Introduction of 4D Printer ARC Center of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES) , the University of Wollongong (UOW) ,MIT researchers,Self-Assembly Lab, Stratasys and Autodesk working on new concept of 4D printer. 4D printing is technology that print multi-material object and produce any mechanism that will transform 1D to 3D shape,2D to 3D shape or morph from one 3D shape into another by using heat, water, light or any other energy input.this technique offers adaptability and dynamic response for structures and sy